From CONGRES INTERNATIONAL d'ELECTRICITE, PARIS 1932
by Ed.SALLES 11ème section rapport n°5: "Conductibilité et ionisation de l'atmosphère."
This paper of 1932 shows a paradox without any solution before today: there are always more positive ions than negative ones, in the atmosphere,even at high altitudes. In mean about 800 ions+/cm3 and only 700 ions-/cm3.As each elementary charge is 1.6 10E-19 coulomb, the global atmosphere is electropositive with a charge of more than +10 millions coulombs.!!
Now the explanation appears in the frame of the new COSMO-ELECTROSTATICS : the solar wind transmits its electropositivity to the terrestrial ionosphere, atmosphere , crust and finally to the metallic core.
As conductive bodies contain much more charges than dielectrics like the air, the volumic charge of the crust could be as high as 10E-6 coulomb/m3 (atmosphere 10E-11 C/m3). The metallic core is also an important reservoir of +charges. By depletion of +charges in the solar wind, the core retrocedes +ions , giving earthquakes at very great depth (600km).
AIRCRAFT CRASHES by THUNDERBOLTS. About the crash of the Airbus Rio-Paris.
The AIRBUS A330-200 fligh AF 447 RIO-PARIS crashed at 1.june 2009 ( 216 + 12 killed). The aircraft tried to cross a thunderstorm of an exceptional extension: 400km. Its disparition was sudden, and no radio SOS was send. This occurs only by an inner explosion or by a very powerfull thunderbolt destroying the main electric circuits. As we show in COSMO and HELIOMETEO n° 99, 1996 , many crashes are caused by thunderbolts, but air companies try to minimize these cause...For the fligh AF 447 it is very surprising that the team did not see the gigantic thunderstorm : everbody using internet may see the satellite data giving the thunderstorms all over the world (cf www.blitzortung.de) . Financially for AIR FRANCE, the best is that the cause(s) of the crash stay unclear !!
Below the crash of a Boeing 737 clearly caused by a thundercloud (Peru, 29 feb.1996; 123 killed)
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Earthcurrents were recorded continuously during several years in my garden of Illzach near Mulhouse. Short lines (40m) are possible with the high stability , dry non polarized, silver-silver chloride electrodes ( Meunier, thèse en géophysique, Paris 1962 or Meunier,1965 "Enregistrements telluriques en mer" bulletin Inst.Océanographique, Monaco vol 65 n°1339 ). On feb.29, 1996, between 20h and 21h UT the Sun emitted protons of great energy giving a geomagnetic bay with pulsations (sfe, solar flare effect). This gives also strong earthcurrents (here about 40mV/km). The sfe follows the local time and so could occur at Peru 5 hours later... Indeed at 1h15 UT of march 1. 1996 a Boeing 737 crashed near Arequipa (Peru). As observed by another aircraft, the Boeing had its left wing in fire , after it crossed a thunderstorm.
Probably this thunderstorm was electropositive, as caused by intrusions of solar protons in the upper atmosphere. Electric fields caused by + plasmas are stronger than those caused by electrons , of higher mobility. Conclusion : aircrafts have to pass round imperiously thunderstorms, specially those caused by positive electricity. Phonic and optic warnings of great fiability work in our stations since 20 years, giving also the polarity + or - of the coming thunderstorm.
Jean Martin MEUNIER en 2000 en visite à Pessac près de Bordeaux au petit observatoire solaire de la maison de Jacques Duchâtel. Notez la plaque OBSERVATOIRE NODON PESSAC
PRINCIPLES of COSMO-METEOROLOGY
RESUME. Albert NODON (1866-1934) est le fondateur d'une nouvelle météorologie par son livre "L'action électrique du Soleil" (Gauthier-Villars,Paris,1910). Grâce à Internet et aux satellites, nous disposons de données qui prouvent que les vues de Nodon étaient justes sur les points essentiels. Ses successeurs sont Henry MéMERY (1871-1951) et Jacques DUCHâTEL (né en 1923) qui continue à travailler sur l'héliométéo à Pessac près de Bordeaux. Outre que J.Duchâtel a été le maillon indispensable pour la perpétuation de l'oeuvre de Nodon (l'auteur de ces lignes aurait vécu sans même connaitre le nom de Nodon), J.D. a apporté des contributions essentielles à l'héliométéo, tout spécialement la radiation de beau temps, dite U. En effet plus de 50 ans d'observations quasi -quotidiennes du Soleil lui ont prouvé que le beau temps peut arriver brusquement quand le Soleil est comme saupoudré de petites taches...Nous savons maintenant que la couronne solaire est alors pleine d'électrons qui produisent des rayons X de freinage, observés par le satellite Yohkoh (cf ci-joint à CLIMATOLOGY). Ces électrons proviennent soit du Soleil , soit de l'Espace galactique . Ils réduisent certainement le potentiel de l'ionosphère terrestre et induisent des grands froids. Cet argument et quelques autres permettent de penser que la rencontre du Système Solaire avec des nuages d'électrons du plan équatorial de la Galaxie est la cause des glaciations et des bouleversements géologiques. On notera que le passage du Soleil dans le plan de la Galaxie se fait tous les 33 millions d'années, qui est également la durée moyenne d'un étage géologique.
Nous sommes ainsi amenés à regrouper l'héliométéo et l'astrométéo sous une discipline plus générale que nous appelons COSMO-METEOROLOGIE. Elle constitue les fondations d'une nouvelle astronomie la COSMO-ELECTROSTATIQUE où les forces électriques contrarient et dépassent souvent la gravitation. On arrive ainsi à des explications simples de phénomènes surprenants, telle la rotation rétrograde de Vénus, l'expulsion progressive de la Lune depuis la Terre, etc.etc.
En premier lieu il nous faut introduire un concept nouveau en géophysique et astronomie, celui du MOTEUR ou ROTOR ELECTROSTATIQUE qui devrait avoir des applications industrielles avant l'an 2100...Inutile de chercher à breveter le principe...un tel moteur a été réalisé par...Benjamin Franklin vers 1750. (cherchez ces mots avec google)..
A/ (below) The electrostatic rotor is a concept totally neglected by the 20.century astronomers. We think the contrary : it is the cause of the celestial rotations, for instance i/ for the planetary atmospheres ii/ and then for the solid planets. We explain so why the atmospheres rotate always faster then the planets. The inductor would be the +plasma of the ionosphere and the upper atmosphere. But inside this +plasma , the rotation results from the free electrons accelerated by the UV and X rays of the Sun (joined Compton and Doppler effects, Meunier,1991). See CELESTIAL ROTATIONS hereby and at www.geologie-nature-alsace.com
B/ (below). An electrostatic coupling between the protons of a stratospheric jet and of the lower atmosphere electrons is the only explanation how strong solar winds may induce stormy winds at the soil.Speeds below are really observed for the catastrophic storms of dec.26-28, 1999.At dec.25, for the first time in 1999, the solar wind showed a speed as high as 800 km/s and a density of more than 100 protons/cm3 (see the curves at CLIMATOLOGIE of www.geologie-nature-alsace.com) . We think that the stratospheric jets are intrusions of solar wind protons. Note that the kinetic energies 1/2 mV2 of the anomalous solar wind and 1/2 Mv2 of the storm may be the same when M/m is of several millions.
C/ Above. The current of electrons going from the soil to the ionosphere is called the "fair weather current" and estimated 1900 amperes globally , after the lamentable campain of the Carnegie CG (1950?). All this is totally wrong and shows how far the atmospheric electricity is in an impasse. Indeed the flow of electrons is much more important by going from the high mountains or from the rainy regions. The first km of air above the sea level is the circuit of highest resistance ! Earthcurrents data in the mountains give a gradient of 1 volt/km. Suppose the resistivity of 100 ohm.m ; so the current would be of 10 amperes/km2. Suppose the global surface of high mountains at 10 millions km2. So the current of electrons going from the soil to the ionosphere would be 100 millions amperes !! Maybe that the current flowing through the clouds of all the rainy regions is still higher (C/left).
Other ridiculous dogma : the spherical capacitor ionosphere-solid earth would be of 700 microfarads ?? ( Y.Rocard : Electricity p43) (note that in your TV you have some capacitors of...10 000 microfards ). So as Q=CV with V=300 000 V , Q=200 coulombs ??...Now it is well known that each cm3 of air has an excess of 100 elementary + charges, or +10E -11 coulomb. Globaly this gives at least 10 millions coulombs !!! These facts have now a clear explanation in the frame of our COSMO-ELECTROSTATICS : the terrestrial ionosphere is a HALLO of +ions produced by the positive solar wind. This positive plasma attracts electrons from everywhere, for instance from the soil...
A consequence for the biosphere: the current of electrons produces a kind of electrolyse in the oceans, with +ions at the bottom (polymetallic nodules) and negative ions at the sea surface : SO4--; phosphates, etc, which are the nutriments for the plancton. The disparition of this current of electrons is catastrophic for the sea life and may explain the global disparition of ammonites, for instance. This occurs surely when the solar system encounters a cloud of electrons in the galactic equatorial plane. The periodicity of these encounters is 33 millions years,which is also the mean value of the geologic stages.
D/ Some kinds of winds are probably sinusoidal electrostatic waves, generated by charges motions in the upper atmosphere. Electrostatic air waves were observed by RITTER in Germany (J.Geophysical Research, 1980?). Precisely Ritter observed variations in the air electric field by the agitation of an acrylic cloth, 1 km away . But he could not explain his observation...
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ARTIFICIAL RAINS : perspectives in the frame of the new GEOELECTROSTATICS
The electropositive solar wind is the cause of the +300 000V potential of the terrestrial ionosphere and of the excess of positive ions in the atmosphere (100 +ions/cm3; globally more than 10 millions coulombs). Intrusion of solar energetic electrons produce locally an inversion of the air electric field and so ascension of +ions giving the thunderclouds. Thunder rain result from the neutralization of these +ions by the solar electrons. For the production of artificial rain, it is suggested to produce negative potentials (-1million volts ?) with a balloon in a thundercloud.
Solar electrons : memorable days of 9 to 11 july 1992.
At these days our two air electricity recorders at Strasbourg and Illzach-Mulhouse (120km southward) showed strong signals of only NEGATIVE air electricity.(A). At july 10 11h10 UT the signal became stronger (B) with a catastrophic result :
-the fire and total destruction of the chemical factory ROTH Frères. As observed by several workers the fire began under the roof of the stockage hall in the vapors of benzene. Surely the sparks came from electronegative rain dropplets.
11 july 1992 at Altkirch, 30km south of Mulhouse: total destruction of the chemical factory SEAT, in the same conditions...
10 july 1992 at Molsheim, 30km SW of Strasbourg : a thunder rain from 14h to 15h TU giving the strongest inundation of the streets since 1 century...(C)
Note that the devices are very simple : metallic wires above the roof, 35m from the soil at Strasbourg, 15m at Illzach + Texas Instrument millivolt recorders.
Conclusion. The negative electricity was surely from intrusions of solar energetic electrons; but we have no satellite data at that year 1992. Please send me such data.... meunierjmi@estvideo.fr .
(C) shows the importance of negative electricity in the upper atmosphere : it induces the ascension of wet air masses . Why not try to produce this electricity with a balloon related to the soil?
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A giant ribbon at the edge of the solar system : the clearest explanation in the frame of the new COSMOELECTROSTATICS. With google see NASA-IBEX.
The solar wind is an electropositive plasma (Sidney Chapman,1930...) evacuated from the positive Sun to compensate the loss of electrons accelerated by the UV and X rays (Compton effect) (Meunier,Cosmo & Heliometeo, 2003).The end of the solar system is a luminous RIBBON in which the ions H+, He++ are neutralized by the electrons of the galactic equatorial plane. Why do these electrons rotate and produce the galactic magnetic field : explanation hereby in CELESTIAL ROTATIONS
WARNINGS against atmospheric electricity are useful in your house and surely also for the aircraft security. Devices like above give the polarity positive or negative of the atmosphere and the even the voltage of the anomalous air electric field. Coupled to antenna at 10m from the soil (simple metallic points) they may be used everywhere, on a house (below), on a ship , on drifting oceanic buoys + radio transmissions.
We explain why the detection of air positive electricity is fundamental for security, and why correlation of aircraft crashes with earthquakes is a "scientific" possibility : see our rubric SISMO PREVISION hereby.
Des dizaines d'années d'enregistrement des courants telluriques puis de l'électricité atmosphérique nous ont fait comprendre, mieux que les livres pour la plupart dépassés, quels sont les liens entre les courants électriques circulant dans le sol et l'atmosphère. Comme l'a affirmé le prix Nobel de physique Hannes ALFVEN , ils dépendent essentiellement des intrusions d'électricité solaire dans la haute atmosphère.
Un simple fil sur un toit comme ci-dessus, à 10m du sol, couplé à nos alarmes phoniques et optiques, permettent d'observer ces intrusions solaires, et donc de prévoir l'intensité des orages à venir, et même des ouragans comme signalé dans "Science et Vie" juin 2009 p 34 . C'est que l'électricité solaire est le moteur des grandes perturbations atmosphériques et non pas un aspect secondaire. Des réseaux de stations comme ci-dessus, en particulier autour des aéroports, devraient renforcer la sécurité aérienne. Pour éviter une nouvelle catastrophe comme celle de l' Airbus 330 du 1er juin 2009 (228 morts), il faut envisager des balises dérivantes dans les mers équatoriales ou sur les bateaux passant par ces mers, émettant par radio les mesures de l'intensité du champ électrique de l'air , ainsi que sa polarité + ou -. Nos alarmes ont prouvé leur fiabilité depuis 1995 puisque une seule est tombée en panne suite à une coup de foudre trop proche.
Signalez ce texte aux autorités compétentes sans passer par les météos "spécialistes". C'est qu'ils sont toujours à croire que la foudre naît dans les nuages , comme le pensait Benjamin Franklin (1770). Pour eux c'est l'effet PAPILLON qui cause les tempêtes et non pas les jets de protons solaires comme nous le prouvons à l'occasion des tempêtes de 1999 . Voir ci-joint et le site www.geologie-nature-alsace.com.
X rays from the Sun during 1.June 2009, day of the crash
of the AIRBUS 330 in an equatorial thunderstorm . These Xrays result from the emissions of solar energetic protons or energetic electrons. Intrusions of solar protons produce POSITIVE thunderbolts, the most destructive at the middle latitudes.
The X rays (hereby) reported by the NOAA teem managing the satellites GOES, are the first since several months (very quiet Sun in the first months of 2009).
Thunderbolts in the northern Atlantique.
The German site www.blitzortung.org (copyright) gives in real time the thunder strikes in Europe and N.Atlantique; it uses the radio emissions (spherics).
But surely it would be important for the security of the aircrafts to observe both the intensity and the polarity + or - of the atmospheric electric field. This is obtained since 1994 by our phonic and optic alarms which react sometimes even 30minutes before a thunderweather. The detector is a single metallic wire , and so the warnings may be used on drifting buoys or ships .
From www.spaceweather.com archive 1.june 2009
The introduction of volumic charges, everywhere in the Universe, opens the way to a new astronomy in which ELECTROSTATIC forces are more important than the gravitation.
Les sylphes rouges (red sprites) , gigantesques éclairs à 50km
au-dessus des orages, expliqués par l'héliométéo
L'héliométéo fondée par Albert NODON dans son livre de 1910 : "L'action
électrique du Soleil" explique la plupart des évènements violents de
l'atmosphère par les émissions électriques du Soleil. En se basant sur plusieurs
années d'enregistrements continus de l'électricité atmosphérique et tellurique
(voir les bulletins COSMO & HELIOMETEO depuis 1995) , J.M. Meunier a montré
qu'il a deux sortes d'orages :
a/orages à coups de foudre négatifs , CG-- , cloud to ground negative, résultant
de l'intrusion dans la haute atmosphère, d'électrons venant du Soleil(et donc
forcément de haute énergie). Ces orages sont les plus nombreux aux latitudes
moyennes, 90%. (schéma ci-dessous à gauche).
b/ orages à coups de foudre positifs, CG+ , cloud to ground positive, résultant
de l'intrusion de protons solaires de haute énergie. Ils sont les plus
destructeurs et souvent liés au passage de grosses taches vers le méridien
central solaire, comme une sorte de "canon" visant la Terre en ligne droite. Ces
émissions de protons solaires donnent lieu à des courants telluriques spéciaux ,
dits en baies pulsées, et autres sfe (solar flares effects). Elles ont entrainé
clairement la destruction d'avions en vol par la foudre positive..(voir C & H
n°105).
Ces orages à CG+ sont les seuls à donner des sylphes rouges (schéma ci-dessous à
droite) comme expliqué par Eitan HADDOK dans l'excellent article de Science et
Vie de mars 2009.Ces éclairs rouges seraient dus à des électrons venant des
nuages orageux et excitant des atomes d'azote. Ces électrons seraient accélérés
par le champ électrique de protons accumulés dans la haute mésosphère.
Our new electrostatics of the Earth and its ionosphere considers that the
electricity of thunderstorms is not produced by the clouds but by the intrusion
of solar electrons and protons (this is also the opinion of Hannes Alfven, Nobel
laureate...). The theory is coherent with the explanation of red sprites by the
intrusion of solar energetic protons ( Robert ROUSSEL-DUPRé, Los Alamos National
Lab. 1994) .
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A fundamental new view : the SOLAR WIND is electropositive in the whole, it
contains much more protons H+ , than electrons.
WHY ? Because electrons are evacuated in the galactic space , with speeds of 10
000 to 300 000 km/s by the solar UV , X and gamma rays (Compton effect)
CONSEQUENCE : ths solar wind (speed of 300 to 900 km/s) is a current of protons
trying to re-equilabrate the loss of electrons. But as for any kind of
electrostatic machine , the equilibrium , i.e. the electric neutrality, is never
obtained.
A PROOF : the terrestrial atmosphere is globaly electropositive by about + 10
millions coulombs , because each cm3 of air contains an excess of 100 elementary
+ charges. This fact, known since a century (see Marie Curie, Paul Langevin...)
has now an explanation : the planets , bathed in the solar wind, are
electropositive in the whole, at first by their ionosphere. This explains the
current of electrons going from the soil to the upper atmosphere. The solid
Earth is also positive, but at a potential of 300 kV lower than the ionosphere.
Estimations of the volumic charge of the crust, and the global terrestrial
charge are given in COSMO & HELIOMETEO, bulletin ARFA.
OUR GALAXY is also electropositive at the centre, because electrons are
evacuated in rings rotating in the galactic equatorial plane. There they are
still accelerated by the ambiant X and gamma rays , by the joined COMPTON &
DOPPLER effects (Meunier,1991). They rotate by the centripetal attraction of the
+ galactic centre. They produce a magnetic field clearly explained in our rubric
CELESTIAL ROTATIONS.
THE MOST IMPORTANT COSEQUENCE : the GALACTIC SPIRALS are EXPULSIONS of BILLIONS
of STARS by the electrostatic REPULSION from the centre, and not a gravitational
attraction by a hypothetic black hole... (see below).
Notre UNIVERS ELECTRO-POSITIF
Naissance d'une nouvelle astronomie où les forces électrostatiques dominent la
gravitation
Ci-dessus une galaxie spirale barrée (encyclopédie Wikipedia) dont les bras
contiennent des dizaines
de milliards d'étoiles . Si l'on admet que ces bras sont expulsés depuis les
deux extrémités de la barre en rotation,
on ne peut qu'adhérer à la nouvelle astronomie, car seule la répulsion
électrostatique peut provoquer cette expulsion.
Si au contraire on admet que les spirales sont attirées par gravitation par la
barre, d'une façon étrange...
on adhère au système classique qui prétend expliquer la dynamique de l'Univers
par la seule gravitation
Ci-dessous une galaxie spirale normale, telle notre Voie Lactée
Les forces sont évidemment les mêmes que ci-dessus et selon la nouvelle
ASTRO-ELECTROSTATIQUE notre
Galaxie serait en EXPANSION comme l'est d'ailleurs tout notre Univers
Ci-dessous
Le SOLEIL est le coeur d'une énorme machine électrostatique positive car les
électrons sont expulsés dans l'espace galactique par les rayons UV, X et gamma
(effet Compton). Pour compenser cette perte d'électrons le Soleil doit expulser
constamment des ions H+ , ce qui constitue le vent solaire. Les planètes sont
chargées + en fonction inverse de leur distance au Soleil.
La preuve de cette charge +, nous l'avons au bout de notre nez, puisque chaque
cm3 d'air contient un excès de 100 charges+. Ce fait établi depuis un siècle par
d'éminents savants dont Marie Curie et Paul Langevin trouve enfin une
explication : c'est le vent solaire électropositif et non neutre qui charge
l'ionosphère et l'atmosphère terrestres (environ 10 millions de coulombs pour
l'atmosphère globale). Comme bien établi par les lois de l'électrostatique, les
milieux plus conducteurs que l'atmosphère, l'IONOSPHERE et le GLOBE SOLIDE ( le
manteau inférieur et le noyau métalliques) contiennent l'essentiel des charges+,
soit de l'ordre de 1 milliard de coulombs.
The ANALOGY : (ELECTRON-POSITRON) and (PULSAR-ANTIPULSAR)
The omni-presence of positrons in our NANO-WORLD (resulting for instance from
the desintegration of uranium) suggests the possibility of the temporary
co-existence of PULSARS and ANTI-PULSARS in the Universe, our MEGA-WORLD. These
co-existence, even temporary, necessitates the presence of a repulsive force
acting against the electrostatic attraction. These force may be the ANTI-GRAVITATION,
repulsive between matter and antimatter (see our rubric GRAVITATION).
We suppose the equality of the antigravitation Fgr and the electrostatic
attraction Fes . These equality is only possible with the condensated matter of
neutron stars ( see the QUANTUM PHYSICS of Chandrasekhar, and the "experimental"
confirmation by the magnetic fields of rotating celestial bodies, Meunier,1989,
and hereby in our rubric CELESTIAL ROTATIONS).
Suppose a pulsar and an anti-pulsar at the distance D, with masses M and with
electrostatic charges Q (system MKSA) . So
Fgr = 6,7 10E-11 M2 / D2 and Fes = 9 10E9 Q2 / D2
The equality Fgr = Fes with M= 2,8 10E30 kg gives the elctrostatic charge of a
pulsar Q = 2,4 10E20 coulombs
these fantastic charge Q may be supposed negative for a " normal" pulsar
supposed of matter...But all other arrangements must be considered.
Following the heretic views of the Nobel laureates Paul DIRAC and Hannes ALFVEN
we consider that matter and antimatter exist in equal proportion even in our
Universe and that the antimatter is presently at a "secret" place which will be
the great surprise of the next century...
A first realistic step is to consider that the fantastic angular speed of the
pulsars ( rotating period of some milliseconds) results from the annihilation of
an antimatter body by a "normal" star . The resulting X and gamma rays produce
the acceleration of the electrons of the stellar ionosphere ( joined Compton and
Doppler effects, Meunier , 1991 ) These rotating electron belt acts like an
electrostatic motor moving the "solid" body in the same way.
