The radiometre of CROOKES (above) is the symbol of our new COSMOELECTROSTATICS, a new aspect of astronomy in which the electrostatic forces appear often as much stronger than the gravitation. The black faces of the wings are pushed to rotate because all the COMPTON accelerated electrons go in the same direction , while at the reflecting faces electrons in part are pushed in the opposite direction. The rotation cannot be a thermal effect because it would not be necessaray to produce a vaccum. The selective Compton evacuation of electrons is the key of the apparition of fantastic electrostatic REPULSIONS in the Sun and the thermonuclear explosions. Paul DIRAC, the theorician of the Compton effect (see our rubric ANTIMATTER and HISTOIRES de sciences at www.geologie-nature-alsace.com, ignored a fundamental application : the JOINED COMPTON and DOPPLER effects (Meunier, 1991) : electrons receive more kinetic energy from light in the direction of their motion, than they loss in the opposite direction. So plasmas of electrons rotate faster and and faster. This explains both the magnetic fields and the rotations of the celestial bodies; for instance the fantastic Bp of the pulsars (see the rubric GEOMAGNETISM) and pulsars rotating in some millisecondes. Here the fantastic angular speed reduces the ionospheres and so Bp.
On ne saurait concevoir la physique moderne sans l'oeuvre de Heinrich GEISSLER (1814-1879) qui arriva à produire des vides très poussés et eut la bonne idée de faire passer des courants dans ces vides. Puis Sir Williams CROOKES (1832-1919) inventa de nombreuses applications qui aboutirent aux cathodes des tubes à vide...Sortons de l'oubli Albert NODON (1866-1934) qui produisit les premiers rayons X de grande longueur d'onde (cf ses C.R.Acad.Sc.vers 1907). Ces RX ont permis de mieux connaitre le Soleil...Par son livre "l'action électrique du Soleil" 1910, Nodon est à la base de notre nouvelle COSMOELECTROSTATICS.
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CONTINENTAL DRIFT, ROTATION of PLANETS... and PULSARS, the SAME MOTOR
Alfred WEGENER was ridiculed from 1930 to 1965 and then betrayed.He wrote that the motor of the continental drift may result from a very new concept, something like the revolution introduced by Newton. He never considered really the fixed idea (idée fixe) of the geologists, the convection currents in the mantle, a medium having the rigidity of steel , with a geothermal gradient of only 1°C/km. As explained hereby and on www.geologie-nature-alsace.com at the the rubric CONTINENTAL DRIFT, we consider TWO VOLUMIC forces (acting inside, everywhere in the bodies) moving the tectonic plates :
A/ the fantastic GALACTIC force moving the whole solar system to the north (the APEX, near Hercule) with the speed of 19km/s !! After about 10 millions years this force will be directed southward. The period of the oscillation is 2 x 33 millions years. Note that the passage in the galactic equatorial plane , and the encounter with galactic clouds of electrons, has this period of 33 My, appearing also in the geologic eras. John BAHCALL , considering the whole mass of the neeby stars, calculated the period of this gravitational pendulum , about 70 My. We think that the electrostatic attraction : galactic electron clouds- electropositive solar system, must be considered.
B/ The accretion at the western borders of the continents, and the dislocations at the eastern borders , is an evidence since 1780 (Lamarck). We consider that the same motor produces the rotation of the Earth ! : the electrostatic rotor- electron rings rotating in the ionosphere- electropositive crust. This explains also the global eastward drift of the oceans (Gulf Stream, Drake curent etc.).
All the atmospheres of the planets rotate eastward, faster than the solid globe. A clear explanation : the rotating electron rings acting on the electropositive atmospheres. Even the anomalous rotation of Venus may now be explained : its atmosphere rotates in 3 days, while the solid globe rotates in 80 days...
The fantastic rotation of some pulsars (2 or 3 milliseconds for a 1,4 solar mass !) as well as their gigantic magnetic fields are explained by the rotating electrons in their ionosphere. X and gamma rays of the the companion star accelerate these electrons to rotate faster and faster by the JOINED COMPTON & DOPPLER effects (Meunier, 1991, theory hereby at ANTIMATTER).
Maurice MATTAUER (Sentheim, near Mulhouse, 1929, Montpellier 2009) wrote two beautiful books " Monts et merveilles" Hermann edit.1989 and "Ce que disent les pierres" Collection "Pour la Science", 1998. (with google search Maurice Mattauer). Traduction in German and Italian..Why not in English ? He was also the "inspirateur" of the Sentier géologique de la" Grotte aux Loups "de Sentheim (vertical layers showing 350 My of geologic eras). My contribution to this Sentier is to show that the hill , north of Sentheim, is a spectacular fault mirror; proof that the tectonic of the southern Rhine Rift is still active (subsidence of about 1mm/year of the "Fossé de Dannemarie ).
below : gliding of very old layers (1) on more recent ones is not possible by lateral pushing but by a volumic force considered above.
Idem for the overthrust ALPINE tectonic, etc.
Swiss ALPS observed from the Vosges (Ballon d'Alsace or Rossberg). Seminars and conferences organized at the family house of BAESELBACH(800m) on the paleo-volcano of ROSSBERG (80 beds) (search BAESELBACH with Google). Conferences about the new electrostatics of the Earth and the solar system ...consequences on the atmospheric electricity, the global climate ~ meunierjmi@estvideo.fr
UNIFIED THEORY : the celestial rotations and magnetic fields, the ... continental drifts ...clearly related to the joined Compton & Doppler effects (Meunier,1991)...a puzzling relation ...see the letter of Antony HEWISH , Nobel laureate for the discovery of pulsars , in our other site www.geologie-nature-alsace.com
For the Earth , the continental drift results from two volumic forces (forces acting at each point of the masses,like gravitation, electrostatic attraction etc) : a/ the south to north force is the one tracking the solar system to the north, with the speed of 19km/s . It produces the erection of the Alps, the Himalaya etc.
b/ the west to east force producing the rotation of the Earth and the celestial bodies, and the erection of the Rocky Mountains , the Andes; and the opening of the East African rifts, and idem for the Rhine rift...
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CELESTIAL ROTATIONS and JOINED COMPTON & DOPPLER effect
Electrons are accelerated to high speeds by the stellar UV and X rays (Compton effect). Surprisingly they receive more energy from the photons when the light goes in the direction of the initial electronic motion, than against this motion. We call this effect the JOINED-- COMPTON and DOPPLER effect (JCDE) (Meunier,1991, first publication in Chinese, in Journal of Seismological Research, vol 14 n°4 pp309-315, Kunming 1991, copy at www.geologie-nature-alsace.com . As shown in several COSMO & HELIOMETEO since 1995 (Bulletins ARFA) and in PROCYON n° 126 , jan.2005, the JCDE may be the key of the rotations of the celestial bodies, and the quantitative relation of the angular speeds to the celestial magnetic fields, as shown for the first time by PMS BLACKETT, Nobel price (Cosmic rays, proton magnetometre, etc).
The great physicist of Manchester (Blackett) was on the right way, even for the pulsars...but he could not explain the geomagnetic reversals. Now with the JCDE we explain them by an inversion of the rotation of the electrons in the ionosphere. Also by only considering the observed celestial magnetic fields, we obtain the radius R of the pulsars of 12km, while quantum physicists give R = 10 km. (see herby at geomagnetism)
Following the relations given for instance in PHYSIQUE GENERALE by Alonzo & Finn, book 2 p 397 and 411 we write :
λ - λ ' = ( h / m c ) ( 1 - cos θ ) with θ the angle between the incident ray λ and the Compton scattered one λ'
Now if the electrons move with the speed v in the rotating ionosphere, the incident ray of frequency ω will be scattered into two different frequencies ω '1 and ω '2 when going in the direction of the electron or against it : ω '1 = ω ( 1 - v/c)
ω '2 = ω ( 1 + v/c)
The photon 2 remains with more energy than the photon 1 : so the electrons are pushed to rotate faster and faster.This is the clearest explanation why some pulsars rotate in some milliseconds, and also why the surprising quantitative relation between the polar magnetic fields Bp and the mass, radius and period of rotation of many planets, stars, pulsars, galaxies...
We suppose that this is the key relation for the rotations in astronomy. For instance for the planets the continental crusts rotate faster than the mantles because the + charges are concentrated at the surface..(see CONTINENTAL DRIFT at www.geologie-nature-alsace.com )
The RADIOMETER of CROOKES as KEY of MOTIONS and ROTATIONS in the UNIVERSE
As claimed by Philip GIBBS (1996) (with Google search Crookes-radiometer) the rotation of the light mill cannot result from a thermal effect. Because it would rotate also in air and not only in vacuum. The clearest explanation takes account of the Compton accelerated electrons by photons. The black face of the balanced ailerons receive all the accelerated electrons while for the metallized face the reflected light sends a part of the electrons away from the ailerons.
Also the joined Compton & Doppler effects (Meunier,1991, see hereby) make that electrons receive more energy in the direction of light than against it
Le radiomètre de Crookes (1832-1919) produit en 1875 reçoit enfin une explication claire gràce à l'effet Compton : les faces noircies des 4 ailerons semblent poussées par la lumière, mais en réalité par les électrons accélérés par les photons. Les faces métallisées reçoivent moins d'électrons puisqu'une partie des électrons est renvoyée en sens contraire par la lumière réfléchie .
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VOLUMIC FORCES for PLATE TECTONICS ( a volumic force acts at each inner point of a mass, i.e. gravitation, inertia, electrostatic attraction,..)
The solar system oscillates perpendicularly to the galactic equatorial plane, with a period of 2 x 35 millions years. This period was estimated by John BAHCALL considering the gravitational attraction of the nearest stars. We suppose that the electrostatic attraction of the clouds of electrons rotating in the galactic plane (and producing the magnetic field of 10 nT, see the rubric geomagnetism) must also be considered. Presently the solar system goes to the APEX (nearby the north) with the speed of 19 km/s. We suppose that the cause of this drift acts something more on the continents and produces the general northward drift of all the continents and islands (with google see PALEOMAP - ANIMATION) . So since several billions years , the main fact of the continental drift would consist of northward then southward motions, with the passage in the equatorial plane each 35 My ; here the encounter with clouds of electrons would produce glaciations (see our rubric CLIMATOLOGY) and sea regressions, and so the geologic eras.
The electrostatic attraction explains better the continental drift than the gravitation , because the positive volumic charge is stronger in the surfacial layers. In the southern ALPS the Jurassic limestones (140 My) gliding on the younger Cretaceous (90 My) is a good argument for our hypothesis. This gliding to the north goes on presently and produces the alpine tectonics...Below the mountain falls in the DROME river near LUC en DIOIS (in the year 1448).
A second volumic force produces the continental eastward drift. Continents increase at their western border (accretion) and decompose into islands at their eastern border (Lamarck, 1800). Analogies with the magnetism and rotations of the celestial bodies lead to an unified theory explaining the rotations in astronomy ( see "pulsars glitches as electrostatic quakes" at the rubric CELESTIAL ROTATIONS of www.geologie-nature-alsace.com . For the Earth or for a pulsar, after an electrostatic quake , the evacuation of + charges produces a decrease of the radius, and so an increase of the angular speed. This explains the detachment and the eastward drift of the crust.
In the quaternary era, the northward and eastward drifts are of a same order; so the motions of plates are nearly in the direction NE.
Exceptions of some islands : recent data show a strong westward drift (more than 10cm/year) for some islands near the equator.We suppose that they are pushed by strong oceanic water currents. Idem for the Falkland islands accelerated to the NE by the Drake current. The different motions of Hawaii could result from the variations of oceanic currents . So, as supposed by Alfred Wegener, islands move like icebergs gliding on the mantle. Their volcanism would result from energy of friction at the gliding surface.
